The short answer to whether you should include professional references directly on your Curriculum Vitae (CV) is generally no. For modern professional applications, references are almost always managed as a separate document from the CV. This separation is standard practice across industries and is designed to streamline the initial application process. Understanding this distinction is the first step toward submitting a complete and professional application package.
Current Best Practices for References
Modern hiring protocol dictates omitting reference details from the CV primarily due to privacy concerns for the individuals providing the recommendation. Listing contact information publicly on an application that may be widely distributed without their consent is unprofessional and violates basic data protection standards. The limited space on the CV is much better utilized for showcasing relevant professional achievements and quantifiable results. Providing a dedicated reference list only upon the employer’s request maintains discretion and ensures referees are not contacted prematurely.
The Reference Timeline: When to Expect a Request
Companies typically request references much later in the recruitment cycle, usually after the final round of candidate interviews has concluded. This occurs because the employer is confirming the finalist’s professional history and stated accomplishments before extending an offer. The reference check is generally the last procedural step before a formal offer of employment is issued. Because this request comes late, you must be prepared to submit your reference document immediately, sometimes within a few hours. Always notify your referees that a call or email from a specific company is imminent, providing them with details about the job title and core responsibilities.
How to Select the Right Professional References
Selecting the appropriate individuals to vouch for your professional character requires focusing on quality over simply collecting names. A strong reference is usually a former direct manager or a senior colleague who oversaw your performance for an extended period. Academic advisors or project clients can also serve this function, provided they can speak directly to your work ethic and specific accomplishments. Choose individuals who can offer concrete, behavioral examples of your performance rather than generic endorsements. Before listing anyone, you must contact them to confirm their willingness to act as a reference and share a copy of your CV and the specific job description.
Formatting and Preparing Your Reference List
The reference list should be treated as a formal business document that visually complements your CV and cover letter. Ensure the document uses the exact same font, header design, and margins as your primary application materials for a cohesive presentation. For each of the three to five people listed, include their full name, professional title, company, and current contact information (phone number and professional email address). Below this, briefly state your professional relationship, such as “Direct Manager at [Company Name] from 2018–2021.” Keep the list meticulously maintained and ready as a separate PDF file so you can respond to an employer’s request instantly.
Addressing the Phrase “References Available Upon Request”
The traditional inclusion of the phrase “References available upon request” at the bottom of a CV is largely considered obsolete in today’s hiring environment. It is an implied courtesy, and employers understand that a candidate will provide references when asked during the later stages of the process. Omitting the phrase saves valuable space that can be dedicated to additional professional achievements or skills that actively sell your candidacy. If your CV is noticeably short and you have an extra line of space available, adding the phrase is generally harmless.