Political science is the systematic study of political systems, government policies, and political behavior. The field offers a framework for understanding the forces that shape societies by examining how governments are structured, how power is exercised, and how public policy is implemented. This discipline is fundamental to comprehending the rights of citizens, the outcomes of elections, and the dynamics of international relations.
What Political Scientists Do
Political scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. Their work involves researching political subjects and monitoring current events to evaluate the effects of laws and policies on society. They collect and analyze data from sources like public opinion surveys, election results, and historical documents to identify trends and develop or test political theories.
The responsibilities of a political scientist include disseminating their findings through reports, academic publications, and public presentations. They might draft legislative proposals or prepare speeches and policy papers for government officials. A significant part of their role involves advising government officials, research agencies, political parties, and other organizations on various political issues.
These professionals work in diverse environments, including all levels of government, where they may be known as government affairs specialists. Many are employed by colleges and universities as professors and researchers. Others work for non-profit organizations, think tanks, labor unions, and lobbying firms, analyzing policies related to specific causes. In the private sector, corporations hire them as consultants or market research analysts to navigate regulations and understand geopolitical risks.
Educational Path to Becoming a Political Scientist
The journey to becoming a political scientist begins with a bachelor’s degree. Common undergraduate majors include political science, public policy, international relations, or economics. This degree provides an understanding of political theory, comparative politics, and research methods. Coursework in history, statistics, and English composition is also beneficial for developing the knowledge base required in the field.
For most professional roles, an advanced degree is a standard requirement. A master’s degree in political science (M.A.), public policy (M.P.P.), or public administration (M.P.A.) is often necessary for positions in government, advocacy, or think tanks. These programs build on undergraduate studies, offering specialized knowledge and advanced analytical skills. They include courses in quantitative and qualitative research methods, policy analysis, and specific subfields like international relations.
A doctorate (Ph.D.) is generally required for those aspiring to become professors at colleges and universities or to lead high-level research initiatives. A Ph.D. program is an intensive, multi-year commitment that involves extensive coursework, passing comprehensive exams, and completing a dissertation based on original research. This path prepares individuals for careers centered on academic research, publishing scholarly work, and teaching.
Essential Skills for a Political Scientist
Analytical and critical-thinking abilities are needed to interpret complex information and draw logical conclusions from research. Professionals must evaluate data from various sources, identify patterns, and understand the potential consequences of different policy decisions. This analytical mindset allows them to provide insightful and evidence-based recommendations.
Strong research skills are required for the work of a political scientist. This includes proficiency in both qualitative methods, such as case studies and interviews, and quantitative methods involving statistical analysis of data from surveys or election results. The ability to design and conduct research projects, gather relevant information, and use statistical software is a daily requirement.
Clear communication is another required skill. Political scientists must convey their complex research findings effectively to a wide range of audiences, from academic peers to government officials and the general public. This requires excellent writing skills for producing reports and articles, as well as strong verbal skills for giving presentations and advising clients.
Gaining Practical Experience
Formal education provides the theoretical foundation, but practical experience is what often sets a candidate apart in the job market. Internships are a primary way to gain this experience. Opportunities are available in government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, as well as in non-profit organizations, think tanks, and on political campaigns. These positions provide a firsthand look at the political process and allow individuals to apply their academic knowledge.
Working as a research assistant for a university professor is another excellent way to build practical skills. This role offers direct experience with the academic research process, from data collection and analysis to the preparation of manuscripts for publication. It provides an opportunity to develop a mentorship relationship with an established academic and can be particularly beneficial for students considering a Ph.D. and a career in academia.
Volunteering for political campaigns or advocacy groups also offers valuable hands-on experience. This type of work demonstrates a commitment to the field and provides insight into grassroots organizing, public relations, and campaign strategy. Engaging in these activities helps build a professional network, which can be instrumental in finding job opportunities after graduation.
Career Outlook and Salary
The employment of political scientists is projected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 3 percent growth from 2023 to 2033. On average, about 500 job openings for political scientists are expected each year over the decade, many stemming from the need to replace workers who retire or transition to other occupations.
The median annual wage for political scientists was $139,380 in May 2024. Salaries vary based on employment sector, geographic location, education level, and experience. The federal government often offers higher pay than other sectors.