Child labor laws in the United States govern the age at which minors can begin working, the number of hours they can work, and the types of jobs they can hold. These regulations are designed to ensure that employment does not jeopardize a young person’s health, safety, or educational opportunities. The rules create a structured framework for youth employment, balancing the opportunity for young people to gain work experience with the need for protection.
The Federal Minimum Age Requirement
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) sets the baseline standard for youth employment across the country. This federal law establishes a general minimum age of 16 for non-agricultural work, but it permits certain employment beginning at age 14. Fourteen years old is the minimum age for most non-farm jobs covered by the FLSA, provided the work is non-manufacturing and non-hazardous. Employers must adhere to these federal standards, which govern wage, hours worked, and safety for minors under 18.
Legal Exceptions for Younger Minors
Children under 14 years old are generally prohibited from working in non-agricultural occupations covered by the FLSA. Federal law recognizes several exemptions that permit younger minors to work in specific circumstances. One exception allows children of any age to be employed by their parents in a business owned solely by the parent, provided the job is non-hazardous and does not involve mining or manufacturing.
Other permissible jobs for children under 14 include delivering newspapers and acting or performing in radio, television, movie, or theatrical productions. Performing minor chores around a private home, such as casual babysitting or yard work that does not involve power-driven machinery, is also allowed. These activities are typically not considered employment under the FLSA, meaning they are not subject to the minimum age requirement.
Restrictions on Work Hours and Time
Federal law places limitations on when and how long minors can be employed, with rules varying significantly by age group. These restrictions safeguard the educational opportunities of young workers. For 14- and 15-year-olds, work must always be outside of school hours, except in specific federally approved work-study programs.
Rules for 14- and 15-Year-Olds
Minors who are 14 or 15 years old face the most restrictive rules regarding work hours. During a school week, they may only work a maximum of three hours on any school day, limited to 18 hours total per week. They may work up to eight hours on non-school days. During weeks when school is not in session, they are permitted a maximum of 40 hours. Work hours are restricted to between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., extended to 9:00 p.m. from June 1 through Labor Day.
Rules for 16- and 17-Year-Olds
The federal rules governing work hours are less restrictive for 16- and 17-year-olds. Once a minor reaches 16, the FLSA removes federal limitations on the number of hours they can work per day or per week. This age group may be employed for unlimited hours in any non-hazardous occupation. Many states, however, impose more stringent restrictions on the hours this age group can work, and these state rules must be followed over the federal standard.
Occupations Minors Are Prohibited From Doing
Even when a minor meets the age and hour requirements, federal law prohibits employment in occupations deemed hazardous. The Secretary of Labor has identified 17 Hazardous Occupations Orders (HOs) that raise the minimum age for employment in those jobs to 18 years. These orders prohibit minors from being exposed to work environments or tasks detrimental to their health or well-being.
Prohibited jobs include working in excavation operations, roofing, and the manufacture of explosives. Minors are also banned from operating or serving as a helper on most power-driven machinery, such as meat slicers, circular saws, and wood chippers. The restrictions also extend to certain types of driving, with a prohibition on any on-the-job driving on public roads for those under 17.
The Importance of State Laws and Employment Certificates
Federal law establishes a floor for child labor protection, but state laws often impose more rigorous standards. If a state law sets a higher minimum age, more restrictive hours, or prohibits additional types of work than the FLSA, the law that is more protective of the minor must be followed. Employers and minors must always check local regulations, as state rules frequently dictate the reality for youth employment.
State laws also govern the employment of minors in agricultural work, which is treated differently under federal law. While the federal government has separate, less strict rules for farm employment, state regulations often provide additional protections for young agricultural workers. For administrative compliance, most states require a minor to obtain an employment certificate, commonly known as a work permit. This certificate is typically issued by a school official or state Department of Labor before the minor can legally begin employment.
Employment for minors is a highly regulated area, governed by rules designed to protect young workers. Prospective workers and employers must consult both the federal Fair Labor Standards Act and the regulations of their state to ensure compliance. Checking with the state Department of Labor is a practical first step to understanding the applicable minimum age, hours, and job limitations.