The process of embalming involves the chemical treatment of the deceased human body to achieve several specific outcomes. This procedure is designed to reduce pathogenic microorganisms and retard decomposition. Beyond sanitation and preservation, embalming also aims to restore an acceptable physical appearance for viewing. This process relies heavily on specialized tools designed to distribute preserving chemicals throughout the body.
The Purpose and Function of Embalming Instruments
Specialized instruments facilitate the complex chemical and physical procedures of embalming. These tools deliver the preserving solution into the circulatory system, remove internal fluids and gases, and ensure proper restoration and closure. The instruments fall into three core functional categories: fluid delivery, internal fluid removal, and surgical or restorative closure. Precision and control are necessary to ensure the uniform distribution of chemicals throughout the body’s network of vessels.
Tools for Arterial Injection and Circulation
Embalming Machine (Pump)
The modern embalming machine is typically a centrifugal pump designed to create the necessary pressure and flow to distribute the solution uniformly. This apparatus allows the operator to control the pressure (measured in psi) and the rate of flow into the arterial system. Controlling these variables is necessary for achieving thorough tissue saturation while preventing distention or rupture of the capillaries. Older techniques relied upon gravity injection or hand pumps, which required manual effort to maintain consistent pressure.
Arterial Tubes and Cannulae
Arterial tubes and cannulae are specialized nozzles inserted directly into the raised artery to deliver the embalming solution. These tubes come in various sizes and designs to accommodate different vessel diameters and attachment needs. Some feature threaded hubs for secure fixation to the vessel, while others use a slip-hub design for a quick, leak-proof connection to the injection hose. The cannula directs the flow smoothly into the arterial network.
Stopcocks and Connectors
Stopcocks and various connectors regulate the flow of fluid from the machine to the arterial tubes. A stopcock functions as a small valve, enabling the practitioner to start, stop, or divert the flow of the solution without adjusting pump settings. Connectors ensure a secure, sealed link between the supply tubing, the stopcock, and the cannula inserted into the vessel. These connections ensure that the pressure generated by the pump is effectively transferred to the circulatory system without leakage.
Instruments for Cavity Treatment and Aspiration
Trocar
The trocar is a long, slender, hollow instrument with a sharp, three-sided point used to puncture the abdominal and thoracic cavities. This tool is manually guided to pierce the walls of the internal organs to drain accumulated gases and fluids. Trocars are manufactured in several lengths, commonly ranging from 12 to 18 inches. This allows the operator to reach deep into the visceral areas from a single entry point, typically located near the navel.
Hydroaspirator or Electric Aspirator
Aspiration requires a vacuum to suction the contents of the organs and cavities through the hollow trocar. This vacuum is generated by either a hydroaspirator or an electric aspirator. The hydroaspirator uses water pressure from a running faucet to create suction via the Venturi effect, drawing matter into a disposal system. Conversely, the electric aspirator utilizes a mechanical pump to generate the vacuum, providing a consistent suction force independent of water pressure.
Cavity Fluid Injector
After aspiration clears the cavities of gases and fluids, the cavity fluid injector introduces a concentrated chemical solution. This injector is often a simple device that attaches to the trocar to deliver the fluid directly into the viscera. This step ensures the chemical preservation of the internal organs, which are not completely reached by the arterial injection solution.
Specialized Surgical and Incision Tools
Aneurysm Needle and Hook
The aneurysm needle is a blunt instrument with a permanent loop or eye at one end, designed for passing ligatures around a raised blood vessel. Its blunt tip minimizes damage to surrounding tissues during separation. The aneurysm hook is similar but lacks the eye; it is used specifically for separating the vessel from connective tissue and lifting it to provide clear access for inserting arterial tubes.
Scalpel and Hemostats
A scalpel is used to make precise, small incisions, most often in the neck or groin area, to expose the major arteries and veins. Once vessels are accessed, hemostats (locking forceps) are employed to securely clamp the ends of severed vessels. Clamping controls leakage and manages circulation, preventing the preservative solution from escaping the system before it has circulated.
Suture Needles and Thread
Specialized curved needles, known as post-mortem needles, are used with strong suture thread to close incisions made for vessel access and the trocar puncture site. These needles allow the practitioner to manipulate the suture material in tight spaces and create a secure, cosmetically acceptable closure. The baseball stitch is a common technique used to achieve a tight seam that is easily concealed beneath clothing.
Eye Caps and Mouth Formers
Eye caps and mouth formers are small, internal prosthetic devices used to set the facial features for viewing. Eye caps are thin, plastic devices placed under the eyelids to keep them closed and prevent the eyes from appearing sunken. Mouth formers are used inside the mouth to restore the natural contour of the lips and jawline, securing the jaw to achieve a relaxed expression.
Ancillary and Positioning Equipment
Ancillary equipment consists of various non-invasive items that support the preservation process and ensure the practitioner’s safety. Head rests and body positioning blocks elevate the shoulders and head, facilitating better drainage of blood and making vessels more accessible for injection. These blocks ensure the body is properly aligned on the table. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection, protects the practitioner from chemicals and biological hazards. Basic grooming tools, such as razors, combs, and brushes, prepare the deceased for viewing, and simple measuring implements aid in restorative work.