Behind NASA’s groundbreaking achievements are its engineers, who design, build, and test the complex systems for exploring the solar system and beyond. They are responsible for transforming scientific questions into tangible hardware and software, making them fundamental to the success of every mission.
The Core Mission of a NASA Engineer
The fundamental purpose of an engineer at NASA is to devise solutions to the challenges of space exploration and aeronautics. Their work encompasses a project’s entire lifecycle, from conceptual design to the hands-on building and rigorous testing of technology. This process continues through the operational phase, where engineers monitor spacecraft, troubleshoot issues, and ensure everything functions as intended.
The role requires inventing new technologies when existing ones are insufficient. Engineers must ensure every component operates with precision, as the safety of astronauts and the success of multi-billion dollar missions depend on their work. This responsibility demands a commitment to safety, innovation, and meticulous attention to detail.
Types of Engineering Disciplines at NASA
Aerospace Engineer
Aerospace engineers at NASA design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. They work on the aerodynamics of a vehicle to ensure it can travel through Earth’s atmosphere efficiently and safely. They also focus on propulsion systems, developing the powerful rocket engines that lift missions off the ground and the smaller thrusters that guide spacecraft through the vacuum of space.
Mechanical Engineer
Mechanical engineers focus on the design and manufacturing of mechanical systems. A mechanical engineer might design the robotic arm for a Mars rover, ensuring it can drill into rock and collect samples in a harsh alien environment. They also work on thermal control systems that protect sensitive electronics from the extreme temperature swings found in space.
Computer and Software Engineer
Modern space exploration is impossible without advanced computing. Computer and software engineers at NASA develop the complex software that controls spacecraft, processes scientific data, and enables autonomous operations. They write the flight software for missions like the James Webb Space Telescope, which must function without direct human intervention. These engineers also design the specialized computer hardware that can withstand the high-radiation environment of deep space.
Electrical Engineer
Electrical engineers at NASA are responsible for the power systems of every mission. They design power generation and distribution systems, such as the large solar arrays that power the International Space Station. Their work also includes creating the communication systems that send data from distant probes back to Earth and the intricate wiring of instrument panels and scientific sensors.
Systems Engineer
Systems engineering oversees the integration of all the different parts of a complex project. A systems engineer ensures that the mechanical, electrical, computer, and aerospace components all work together seamlessly. They manage project requirements, conduct risk assessments, and develop testing procedures to validate that the entire system will perform as expected during a mission.
Other Specialized Engineering Roles
NASA also employs a wide range of other engineering specialists. Materials engineers develop and test the advanced alloys and composites used to build lightweight yet strong spacecraft structures and the heat shields that protect them during atmospheric reentry. Civil engineers work on the massive structures needed for launch pads or the design of habitats for future lunar or Martian bases. Chemical engineers work on developing new types of rocket propellants or life support systems.
Key Responsibilities and Projects
The responsibilities of a NASA engineer are tied to the agency’s ambitious missions, which often span decades. A significant focus for many engineers is the Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the Moon. Engineers across various disciplines design and build the Space Launch System (SLS), the most powerful rocket NASA has ever built, and the Orion spacecraft. This work involves everything from structural analysis of the rocket’s core stage to developing the life support systems inside the crew capsule.
Another area of work is robotic exploration of the solar system. For missions to Mars, engineers created rovers like Perseverance. This involves designing the vehicle’s mobility system to navigate the rocky Martian terrain, developing the sophisticated scientific instruments that analyze geological samples, and engineering the small helicopter, Ingenuity, that proved powered flight was possible in Mars’ thin atmosphere. These projects require a deep understanding of robotics, automation, and remote operation.
The development of advanced space telescopes is another undertaking for NASA engineers. The James Webb Space Telescope required engineers to design a massive, deployable mirror made of 18 hexagonal segments that had to align perfectly in space. They also had to create a multi-layered sunshield the size of a tennis court to keep the telescope’s instruments at frigid temperatures. Engineers write the complex algorithms that process the telescope’s images, turning raw data into cosmic photographs that help scientists study the early universe.
Engineers also support missions from the ground. At Johnson Space Center’s Mission Control, they monitor spacecraft health, analyze telemetry data, and help solve problems that arise during a flight. This requires quick thinking and a deep knowledge of the spacecraft’s systems.
Essential Skills for NASA Engineers
Success as a NASA engineer requires a blend of advanced technical abilities and professional skills. On the technical side, proficiency in computer-aided design (CAD) software like SolidWorks or CATIA is needed for designing and modeling components. Strong programming skills in languages such as C++ and Python are valued, especially for software, computer, and systems engineers who develop flight code and analyze data. A deep understanding of advanced mathematics and physics forms the foundation for all engineering disciplines at the agency.
Beyond technical abilities, certain professional attributes are sought:
- Effective communication to clearly explain complex technical concepts to diverse teams.
- Teamwork and collaboration to solve multifaceted problems in a project-based environment.
- Meticulous attention to detail for identifying and mitigating risks.
- Strong problem-solving abilities for navigating high-stakes missions.
How to Become a NASA Engineer
The path to becoming a NASA engineer begins with a strong academic foundation. A bachelor’s degree in a relevant engineering field, such as aerospace, mechanical, electrical, or computer engineering, from an accredited university is the minimum requirement. For those interested in more specialized research or leadership roles, pursuing an advanced degree like a master’s or a Ph.D. can be advantageous.
Aspiring engineers should focus on gaining hands-on experience early in their academic careers. Internships are one of the most effective ways to get a foot in the door at NASA. The NASA Pathways Intern Program is a primary pipeline for recruiting students and converting them into full-time employees upon graduation.
To apply for a position, candidates must be U.S. citizens and use the federal government’s official job portal, USAJOBS.gov. A successful application will highlight academic achievements and any relevant project work, research, or internship experience. A strong resume that showcases both technical and collaborative abilities is also needed.