The sight of an airplane soaring at 35,000 feet often leads to a common question: what are the pilots doing behind the locked cockpit door? While modern aircraft are marvels of technology, the role of a pilot is far from passive. It is an active profession that requires constant oversight and precise execution, involving the continuous management of complex systems, navigation, and decision-making to ensure a safe and efficient journey.
Managing the Autopilot
A common misconception is that pilots simply turn on the autopilot and relax. In reality, the autopilot is a sophisticated tool that pilots actively manage. It does not fly the plane on its own; instead, it executes the commands given to it by the flight crew. Pilots program the autopilot to maintain a specific heading, altitude, and speed, which helps reduce their manual workload during the long cruise portion of a flight. This allows them to focus on broader strategic tasks.
The flight crew is constantly interacting with and monitoring the autopilot system. They input data into the Flight Management System (FMS), which then directs the autopilot along the pre-programmed flight path. Any changes in the flight plan, such as a new routing from air traffic control or a deviation for weather, require the pilots to update these instructions. This involves verifying the new data and ensuring the autopilot executes the adjustments smoothly.
Even with the autopilot engaged, pilots remain vigilant and prepared to take manual control at a moment’s notice. For most commercial flights, the autopilot is engaged shortly after takeoff and disengaged just before landing. They are continuously monitoring the system’s performance, ensuring it is flying the aircraft as intended and that all parameters remain within safe limits. The autopilot is a partner in the cockpit, but the pilot is always in command.
Monitoring Aircraft Systems
Beyond managing the aircraft’s flight path, pilots are responsible for monitoring the health of the aircraft itself. This involves a continuous scan of instruments and display screens that provide real-time information on various systems. They ensure every component is functioning as expected throughout the flight.
Pilots pay close attention to engine performance, checking parameters like temperature, pressure, and vibration for any signs of malfunction. Fuel management is another constant focus. They monitor the quantity of fuel in each tank, the rate of consumption, and the fuel temperature. This data is cross-referenced with the flight plan to confirm they will have adequate reserves upon reaching their destination.
The crew also oversees the cabin environment, managing pressurization systems that keep the air pressure at a comfortable and safe level, equivalent to an altitude of around 6,000 to 8,000 feet. They also control the cabin temperature for passenger comfort. Hydraulic systems, which power flight controls and landing gear, and electrical systems are also under their constant watch.
Navigating and Communicating
A significant portion of a pilot’s duties involves navigating the aircraft and communicating with controllers on the ground. While the flight plan is established before departure, the journey requires constant adjustment. Pilots are in continuous radio contact with Air Traffic Control (ATC), receiving instructions for changes in altitude or heading.
As the aircraft travels, it passes through different sectors of airspace, each managed by a different controller. Pilots must check in with each new controller, confirming their position and instructions. This communication is precise and uses standardized phraseology. Over oceans, where radar is unavailable, they use satellite communications and position reports to maintain separation from other aircraft.
Pilots simultaneously cross-reference their position using onboard navigational aids and charts. They ensure the aircraft is correctly following the waypoints programmed into the FMS. This combination of active communication and diligent navigation ensures the aircraft stays on its approved route, maintains a safe distance from other planes, and follows a path that is optimized for efficiency and safety.
Responding to Changing Conditions
Pilots must always be prepared to respond to changing conditions. A part of their job is interpreting real-time weather information to make strategic decisions. Using onboard weather radar, they can identify storm cells and request deviations from their planned route from ATC to navigate around turbulent areas, ensuring a smoother ride for passengers.
Turbulence is a common challenge, and not all of it appears on radar. Clear-air turbulence (CAT) is invisible, so pilots often rely on reports from other aircraft flying the same route ahead of them to anticipate its effects. When turbulence is encountered, pilots may adjust the aircraft’s speed or altitude and will communicate with the cabin crew to secure the cabin.
Pilots are also trained to respond to any system alerts or malfunctions. When unexpected warnings occur, the crew works together to diagnose the problem, consult checklists and emergency procedures, and determine the best course of action. This could range from shutting down a non-essential system to, in rare cases, deciding to divert to the nearest suitable airport.
Crew Coordination and Other Duties
Teamwork in the cockpit is governed by the principle of Crew Resource Management (CRM), which dictates how the pilot and co-pilot work together. They maintain clear communication, with one pilot designated as the “pilot flying” and the other as the “pilot monitoring.” The monitoring pilot handles communications and checklists, allowing the flying pilot to focus on controlling the aircraft’s path.
Their responsibilities extend beyond the cockpit. Pilots communicate with the lead flight attendant about flight progress, expected turbulence, and arrival times. They are also responsible for completing flight logs and other paperwork that documents the flight and the aircraft’s status for regulatory compliance.
On long-haul flights that may last over 12 hours, managing crew fatigue is important. These flights are staffed with additional pilots to allow for controlled rest periods. While one crew rests in designated sleeping quarters, another remains on duty in the cockpit, ensuring that there are always fresh and alert pilots at the controls. This careful coordination ensures that all duties are performed to a high standard.