The Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) is a voluntary, data-driven system for air carriers to train and qualify operations personnel, including pilots, flight attendants, and dispatchers. This system serves as an alternative to the prescriptive, time-based training requirements traditionally found in aviation regulations. AQP encourages innovation in training methods and technology while focusing on demonstrated ability rather than fixed hours in a seat.
The Fundamental Shift in Aviation Training
The core difference between AQP and traditional aviation training models lies in a shift from a compliance-based approach to a performance-based one. Traditional training, often characterized by regulations like 14 CFR Part 121, Subparts N and O in the United States, uses a “one size fits all” philosophy that mandates specific training hours and maneuvers. This often results in a “check-the-box” mentality where the completion of a time requirement is the primary goal, regardless of the crew member’s actual level of proficiency.
AQP, in contrast, is based on a “trained-to-proficiency” concept. Training duration is flexible and tailored to ensure every individual achieves a predetermined standard of performance. This proficiency-based model replaces programmed hours with training and evaluation derived from a detailed analysis of the specific job requirements for the operator’s fleet and operations.
This methodology allows for a more customized and responsive training system, directly addressing the specific operational demands and challenges faced by a particular air carrier. The performance-based rule allows for significant departures from traditional requirements, provided the operator can justify an equivalent or better level of safety. AQP integrates Crew Resource Management (CRM) principles throughout the curriculum, ensuring pilots are evaluated as a crew and not just as individuals performing isolated maneuvers.
The Regulatory Foundation of AQP
The Advanced Qualification Program is authorized by regulatory bodies as an alternative means of compliance with standard training rules. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) oversees AQP, which falls under the performance-based regulatory framework of 14 CFR Part 121, Subpart Y. This section of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) enables air carriers to vary from the more prescriptive traditional requirements of Subparts N and O.
The FAA’s guidance for developing and approving an AQP is detailed in Advisory Circular (AC) 120-54, which outlines the systematic methodology for curriculum development. For an air carrier to replace a traditional practical test requirement, the AQP must establish a continuous process to show how the alternative provides an equivalent or superior level of safety. International bodies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), also promote similar performance-based frameworks, like Competency-Based Training and Assessment (CBTA), which align with the philosophical underpinnings of AQP.
Key Structural Components of an Advanced Qualification Program
The architecture of an AQP is built upon a systematic training methodology known as Instructional Systems Design (ISD). The process begins with a comprehensive Job Task Analysis (JTA), which identifies all the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for each specific duty position, such as pilot or flight attendant, on a particular aircraft. This analysis is aircraft-specific and forms the foundation for all subsequent curriculum development.
The curriculum is divided into distinct, structured phases. These include Indoctrination, Qualification Curriculum (initial training for a newly assigned position), and Continuing Qualification Curriculum (recurrent training and evaluation). Recurrent training often utilizes scenario-based training like Line Operational Evaluations (LOE) and integrates the training and evaluation of both technical skills and Crew Resource Management (CRM).
A central feature of AQP is the continuous cycle of Data Collection and Analysis. Operators are required to collect performance proficiency data on trainees, instructors, and evaluators. This data is analyzed to identify performance gaps, skill decay, and areas where the curriculum needs refinement, creating a self-correcting feedback loop that drives continuous improvement.
Operational Benefits of Adopting AQP
Adopting an Advanced Qualification Program provides measurable advantages by directly linking training to operational needs and outcomes. Enhanced safety is achieved by focusing training on high-risk, error-prone tasks identified through operational data analysis. By using realistic, scenario-based training, AQP reduces the probability of crew-related errors and improves overall crew performance.
The program also increases training efficiency. The “trained-to-proficiency” model means crew members who demonstrate mastery can complete training in less time than fixed-hour programs. This efficiency translates into cost savings by optimizing the use of high-cost training devices, such as full flight simulators. The data-driven design allows the operator to quickly adapt the training curriculum in response to new operational procedures or advancements in technology, maintaining relevance.
The Process of AQP Implementation and Approval
The transition from a traditional training program to an AQP is a multi-stage process that requires formal regulatory approval and continuous oversight. The process involves several sequential phases, starting with an Application phase where the operator declares the program’s scope and provides an initial justification for its design. This is followed by the Curriculum Development phase, where the operator completes the Job Task Analysis and develops the detailed curriculum documents based on the ISD methodology.
Once the curriculum is developed, the operator submits a formal Implementation and Operations Plan to the regulatory authority for review. This plan details how the program will be administered, including the data collection strategies and quality control procedures.
The regulatory authority reviews the program to ensure it meets the required safety standards before granting initial approval for a validation phase. During the validation period, the operator must prove the program works effectively and achieves the intended proficiency objectives under real-world conditions. Final approval is contingent upon the successful completion of this validation, after which the AQP requires continuous monitoring and the submission of periodic reports, such as an annual report, to the regulator.