Finding a first job at age 13 is a significant step toward independence and financial understanding. This early experience helps develop a strong work ethic and practical skills. The search requires understanding where jobs are legally permitted and how to approach potential employers. Navigating work at this age means balancing new responsibilities with continued focus on education. Specific roles must accommodate a young schedule while adhering to regulations designed to protect young workers.
The Federal Legal Framework for Employment at Age 13
The foundation for youth employment in the United States is the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which establishes the minimum age for most jobs. The FLSA generally sets 14 years old as the minimum age for non-agricultural employment to protect minors from unsafe conditions. However, specific exceptions permit a 13-year-old to be employed in defined occupations, such as working in the entertainment industry or delivering newspapers. Working for a parent is another exemption, provided the business is not involved in mining or manufacturing and the job is not declared hazardous. State and local laws frequently impose stricter rules than the federal baseline, meaning the most protective law always applies.
Specific Jobs Allowed for 13-Year-Olds
Traditional Neighborhood Services
Many employment opportunities for 13-year-olds fall outside the traditional business setting and focus on service roles within the local community. These roles often include irregular, casual work performed in private homes, such as babysitting or pet sitting. Yard work, like mowing lawns, raking leaves, or shoveling snow, is a common way to earn money without being subject to formal federal hour limitations. Newspaper delivery is a long-standing FLSA exemption, allowing for employment at this age.
Agricultural Employment
Employment in agriculture is treated differently under federal law, allowing for work at a younger age under specific conditions. A 13-year-old may be employed on a farm outside of school hours if a parent provides written consent or works on the same farm. This work must be performed in non-hazardous occupations and is generally limited to farms not subject to federal minimum wage requirements.
Working in Entertainment
The entertainment industry provides another avenue for early employment, covering roles like acting, modeling, and musical performance. The FLSA exempts children working as actors or performers in theatrical, motion picture, radio, or television productions from the minimum age requirements. This employment is heavily regulated, often requiring special permits and close supervision to ensure educational and safety requirements are met.
Family Business and Domestic Work
Working directly for a parent is a specific exemption that allows minors to be employed in their parent’s business. This is permissible as long as the job does not involve mining, manufacturing, or any occupation declared hazardous. Minors may also perform domestic work, such as chores or household maintenance, on premises owned or operated by their parent.
Understanding Work Hour Restrictions
The FLSA imposes strict limitations on the hours and times of day for most covered employment. For non-agricultural jobs, work must generally occur outside of school hours to ensure employment does not interfere with a minor’s education. A minor may not work before 7:00 a.m. or after 7:00 p.m. on any day. This evening restriction is extended during the summer, from June 1 through Labor Day, when the minor may work until 9:00 p.m. Work hour restrictions for agricultural employment differ, as the FLSA does not limit the number of hours per day or week for children working outside of school hours.
Necessary Documentation and Requirements
Securing legal employment as a minor involves navigating administrative requirements that vary significantly by state and locality. Many states mandate that minors obtain a work permit or employment certificate before they can legally begin working. This document formally affirms the minor’s eligibility and often requires the signature of a parent or legal guardian. The process typically involves the school district or the state’s department of labor, and minors frequently need to present proof of age, such as a birth certificate.
Safety and Financial Considerations
Young workers must prioritize safety by remaining aware of potential hazards and communicating openly with parents and employers. It is wise to work in pairs when performing neighborhood services, such as babysitting or dog walking, and ensure a parent knows the schedule and location of every shift. Employees should feel comfortable asking questions about safety procedures and not using equipment they have not been properly trained to operate. Young workers should understand how they will be paid, whether by the hour or for a completed job, and keep a record of their earnings and hours worked. While most young workers will not owe income tax, they should track their total income, as earnings may be subject to tax requirements if they exceed a specific threshold.