10 Windows Security Interview Questions and Answers

Windows Security is a critical aspect of IT infrastructure, ensuring the protection of data, systems, and networks from various threats. With the increasing complexity of cyber-attacks, understanding Windows Security mechanisms, such as authentication protocols, encryption methods, and access controls, has become essential for IT professionals. Mastery of these concepts not only helps in safeguarding organizational assets but also enhances overall system performance and reliability.

This article provides a curated selection of interview questions designed to test and expand your knowledge of Windows Security. By reviewing these questions and their detailed answers, you will be better prepared to demonstrate your expertise and problem-solving abilities in a professional setting.

Windows Security Interview Questions and Answers

1. Explain the purpose of User Account Control (UAC) and how it enhances security.

User Account Control (UAC) enhances Windows security by limiting application software to standard user privileges until an administrator authorizes an increase. This prevents malware from making unauthorized changes. UAC prompts users for permission or an administrator password when a task requires administrative rights, ensuring only trusted applications and users can make significant changes.

The benefits of UAC include:

• Preventing unauthorized changes: Blocks malware and unauthorized applications from altering the system without consent.
• Encouraging standard user accounts: Facilitates operating as a standard user, reducing risks associated with constant administrative access.
• Improving system security: Adds a layer of security by requiring explicit approval for administrative tasks.

2. Describe the difference between NTFS and FAT32 file systems in terms of security features.

NTFS (New Technology File System) and FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32) are file systems with distinct security features.

NTFS supports file-level security through Access Control Lists (ACLs), allowing administrators to set permissions for files and folders. It also supports encryption via the Encrypting File System (EFS) and includes features like disk quotas and file compression.

FAT32 lacks advanced security features like file-level permissions or encryption, making it less secure for environments where data protection is important. It is more suitable for simpler storage needs, such as USB drives.

3. What is BitLocker, and how does it protect data?

BitLocker provides full disk encryption using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm to protect data. It encrypts the entire volume, ensuring data is inaccessible to unauthorized users. BitLocker requires authentication through a password, PIN, or hardware device like a USB key. It supports a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip to store encryption keys, adding security by locking the system if unauthorized changes are detected.

4. Explain the concept of Group Policy and its role in security.

Group Policy allows administrators to implement configurations for users and computers, enhancing security by enforcing policies that control the working environment. Group Policy Objects (GPOs) define the settings and configurations to be applied.

Key aspects include:

• Security Settings: Enforce password and account lockout policies.
• Software Deployment: Install, update, and remove software applications.
• Registry Settings: Modify registry settings to control the OS and applications.
• Scripts: Automate administrative tasks with startup, shutdown, logon, and logoff scripts.
• Folder Redirection: Redirect known folder paths for data backup and management.

Group Policy is applied hierarchically, allowing granular control and flexibility.

5. Describe how Kerberos authentication works.

Kerberos authentication involves the client, server, and Key Distribution Center (KDC), which includes the Authentication Server (AS) and Ticket Granting Server (TGS).

• Initial Authentication Request: The client requests a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) from the AS.
• AS Response: The AS verifies credentials and sends an encrypted TGT and session key.
• Requesting Service Ticket: The client uses the TGT to request a service ticket from the TGS.
• TGS Response: The TGS verifies the request and sends a service ticket and new session key.
• Accessing the Service: The client uses the service ticket to authenticate to the server.
• Server Response: The server verifies the request and grants access.

6. Explain the concept of Least Privilege and how it can be implemented.

The concept of Least Privilege limits access rights to the minimum necessary for users and processes. This reduces the risk of malicious activity and errors.

To implement Least Privilege:

• User Account Control (UAC): Ensure users run most applications with standard rights.
• Group Policy Management: Enforce security settings and restrict permissions.
• Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Assign permissions based on roles.
• File System Permissions: Restrict access to files and folders based on roles.
• Application Whitelisting: Use tools like AppLocker to control application execution.
• Regular Audits and Reviews: Periodically review permissions and access rights.

7. Describe how Windows Hello enhances security for user authentication.

Windows Hello enhances security by using biometric data like facial recognition or fingerprint scanning. Biometric data is unique and harder to replicate than passwords. Windows Hello stores biometric data locally in a secure enclave and employs anti-spoofing techniques. A secure PIN adds protection, being device-specific and not transmitted over the network.

8. How does Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) differ from AppLocker?

Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) and AppLocker control application execution but differ in scope and enforcement.

WDAC is more advanced, enforcing code integrity policies and covering all executable files, including drivers. It is enforced by the Windows kernel, offering higher security.

AppLocker is user-friendly, allowing rule creation based on file attributes. It is easier to manage, suitable for smaller organizations, but less comprehensive than WDAC.

Key differences:

• Scope: WDAC covers a broader range of executables, while AppLocker focuses on applications and scripts.
• Policy Enforcement: WDAC is enforced by the Windows kernel, AppLocker by the Application Identity service.
• Management: AppLocker is easier to configure, while WDAC offers higher security.
• Flexibility: AppLocker provides more flexibility in rule creation.

9. Explain how AppLocker can be used to control application execution.

AppLocker controls application execution by creating rules based on attributes like publisher, path, or file hash. Configured using Group Policy, it manages application control across multiple machines.

Types of rules in AppLocker:

• Executable Rules: Control executable files.
• Windows Installer Rules: Manage software installation.
• Script Rules: Regulate script execution.
• Packaged App Rules: Control packaged apps and installers.

To implement AppLocker:

• Open the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC).
• Create or edit a Group Policy Object (GPO).
• Navigate to Computer Configuration -> Policies -> Windows Settings -> Security Settings -> Application Control Policies -> AppLocker.
• Define rules for each rule type.
• Apply the GPO to desired organizational units (OUs).

10. Describe the process of setting up and managing a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).

Setting up and managing a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) involves:

• Planning and Design: Define requirements, certificate types, CA hierarchy, and policies.
• Installation of Root CA: Install in a secure, offline environment.
• Installation of Subordinate CAs: Issue certificates to end entities, following defined policies.
• Configuration of Certificate Templates: Define attributes and policies for certificates.
• Issuance of Certificates: Generate a certificate signing request (CSR) and receive the signed certificate.
• Certificate Revocation: Manage certificate lifecycle with Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) or Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP).
• Ongoing Management and Monitoring: Monitor PKI components, renew certificates, and ensure policy compliance.