Navigating employment rules for minor workers can be complicated. A 14-year-old can legally work in Texas, offering an opportunity to gain early professional experience and earn a paycheck. The employment of minors is governed by a strong regulatory framework, combining federal law, primarily the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), and the Texas Labor Code. These regulations protect the minor’s safety, health, and education, establishing clear boundaries for permitted jobs and work hours.
Legal Requirements for Employment at Age 14 in Texas
Federal and state laws set the minimum working age for non-agricultural jobs at 14 years old. The FLSA provides the baseline rules, and Texas labor laws generally adopt these federal standards. If a business is covered by the FLSA, it must adhere to the stricter of the federal or state guidelines.
Fourteen-year-olds are permitted to work in service-oriented industries, including food service, retail, and gasoline service establishments. Permitted jobs involve light, non-hazardous tasks such as office work, cashiering, stocking shelves, and bagging orders.
Strict Limits on Work Hours for 14- and 15-Year-Olds
Restrictions on 14-year-olds primarily concern the number of hours and the times of day they can work. These limitations prioritize the minor’s education and well-being, creating two distinct work schedules based on whether school is in session.
When School is in Session
When school is in session, a 14-year-old is limited to working no more than three hours on a school day and a maximum of 18 hours during the school week. Work hours are restricted to between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., and the minor cannot work during scheduled school hours.
When School is Not in Session
Work hours expand during school breaks, such as summer vacation. When school is not in session, a minor can work up to eight hours in a single day and a maximum of 40 hours per week. The evening restriction is also temporarily extended from June 1 through Labor Day, allowing a 14-year-old to work until 9:00 p.m.
Prohibited Job Types and Hazardous Occupations
The law prohibits 14-year-olds from employment in specific occupations deemed hazardous to their health or safety. These restrictions apply to all non-agricultural employment and are enforced through federal FLSA regulations.
Fourteen-year-olds are barred from working in manufacturing, mining, or construction occupations. They cannot operate power-driven machinery or perform tasks involving ladders or scaffolds. Limitations exist even in service jobs, such as not operating meat slicers, dough mixers, or most power-driven mowers and cutters.
Restrictions also extend to transportation and warehousing; minors cannot drive or serve as outside helpers on motor vehicles. Operating machinery is generally limited to power-driven floor waxers. These prohibitions steer young workers toward clerical, retail, and food service roles.
Documentation Requirements and the Myth of the Work Permit
A common misconception is the requirement for a state-issued work permit or employment certificate. Texas does not require minors to obtain a specific work permit from the state or the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) before beginning a job.
While a work permit is not mandatory, employers must verify and keep on file proof of age for all employees under 18. Acceptable documents include:
- A birth certificate
- A driver’s license
- A state-issued identification card
- A passport
Many employers also require written consent from a parent or guardian before hiring a minor.
Practical Steps for Finding a Job as a 14-Year-Old
Finding a job at 14 requires a targeted approach due to legal restrictions. The most promising places are industries relying on light, service-oriented duties, such as small, local retail shops, grocery stores, and non-hazardous food service establishments. Locally owned businesses, not part of large national chains, may offer more informal opportunities.
The first step involves creating a simple resume focusing on skills, school activities, and volunteer experience rather than past employment. This demonstrates responsibility and a willingness to work. When applying, it is best to apply in person during non-peak hours and ask to speak directly with the hiring manager.
Approach the interview professionally, emphasizing work ethic, punctuality, and reliability. Since availability is limited by law, clear communication about school schedules and legal hour restrictions is necessary. Securing a written agreement from a parent or guardian beforehand can also streamline the hiring process.
Understanding Pay and Minimum Wage Standards
Any 14-year-old legally employed in Texas is protected by the Fair Labor Standards Act and must be paid at least the federal minimum wage. Texas adopts the federal minimum wage rate of $7.25 per hour for non-exempt workers.
An exception is the youth minimum wage, which allows employers to pay a reduced rate of $4.25 per hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment. After this initial period, the employee must be paid the full federal minimum wage. This temporary sub-minimum wage encourages employers to hire young, inexperienced workers.