A hardware engineer designs, develops, and tests the physical components of computer systems and other electronic devices, from processors and circuit boards to entire networks. These engineers work on a variety of technologies across many industries. Their work forms the foundation upon which all software and applications run.
Core Responsibilities of a Hardware Engineer
Designing and Developing Hardware Components
A primary task for a hardware engineer is designing new computer hardware. This involves creating detailed schematics and blueprints for components like processors, circuit boards, memory devices, and routers. Using computer-aided design (CAD) software, they translate concepts into technical plans that guide manufacturing. They also research advances in computer technology to inform their designs and update hardware to meet specific needs.
Prototyping and Testing
Once a design is finalized, hardware engineers build initial models for prototyping and testing. They verify that the components function as intended and meet all specifications. This involves rigorous testing to analyze performance and identify any flaws or areas for improvement. Engineers conduct usability, materials, and compliance tests to ensure the equipment works correctly and safely.
Debugging and Problem-Solving
After testing, hardware engineers debug any issues they find. This involves identifying the root cause of problems in the hardware and developing effective solutions. They use analytical skills and logic to examine assumptions and evaluate alternative approaches to fix complex problems. This iterative process of testing and modification continues until the hardware meets all design requirements.
Collaborating with Other Teams
Hardware engineers are often part of a larger, multidisciplinary team. They must communicate effectively with software engineers to ensure hardware compatibility with the software that runs on it. Collaboration extends to project managers, manufacturing teams, and clients to align the final product with project goals and ensure it can be produced efficiently.
Overseeing the Manufacturing Process
A hardware engineer’s responsibilities can include overseeing the manufacturing process for computer hardware. They ensure the final product is built according to precise specifications. This involves monitoring the assembly of equipment and working with manufacturing partners to maintain quality and address issues that arise during production.
Essential Skills for Hardware Engineers
A strong foundation in technical skills is necessary for a hardware engineer. Proficiency in CAD software, like AutoCAD or Altium Designer, is used for creating circuit and printed circuit board (PCB) designs. Knowledge of hardware description languages (HDLs) like Verilog and VHDL is also used for modeling electronic systems. Familiarity with simulation tools like SPICE helps in analyzing circuit performance before building a physical prototype.
Beyond technical expertise, hardware engineers need strong professional skills. Analytical and critical-thinking abilities are important for designing, testing, and debugging complex systems. Meticulous attention to detail ensures designs are precise and that issues are caught early. Since they work in teams, effective communication and collaboration skills are required to work with professionals from other disciplines.
How to Become a Hardware Engineer
The standard entry point into the field is a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering, or a related discipline. These programs provide a foundation in subjects like electrical circuits, digital systems, and computer architecture. Coursework includes computer programming to ensure engineers understand how software and hardware interact. Employers may prefer candidates from a program accredited by an organization like ABET.
Gaining practical experience through internships or co-op programs during undergraduate studies is valuable. This allows aspiring engineers to work on projects related to hardware design and testing. For those interested in specialized roles or research and development, a master’s degree in computer engineering can provide deeper expertise and open advanced career opportunities.
Hardware Engineer Salary and Career Outlook
The median annual salary for computer hardware engineers was $138,080 as of recent data. Salaries are influenced by factors including the engineer’s level of experience, with entry-level positions starting around $92,532 and experienced professionals earning over $159,968. Geographic location and the specific industry also play a role, as those in research and development or for the federal government may see different pay scales.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment for computer hardware engineers will grow 7 percent from 2023 to 2033, faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is expected to result in about 5,000 job openings each year. The demand is driven by the need for engineers to design and develop computer hardware for a wide range of products, from consumer electronics to medical devices and automobiles.
The Difference Between Hardware and Software Engineering
The distinction between hardware and software engineering can be understood by thinking of a computer system as a human body. Hardware engineering is concerned with creating the physical parts of the computer—the “body”—such as the processor, memory, and circuit boards.
Software engineering deals with the instructions and programs that run on that hardware—the “brain.” Software engineers write the code that tells the physical components what to do, creating everything from operating systems to applications. While the two fields are distinct, they are deeply interconnected, as hardware cannot function without software, and software has no platform without hardware.